Rubella (German measles) is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It’s usually mild in children and adults, but very dangerous in pregnancy because it can cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS), leading to severe birth defects.
Here’s a quick overview:
Key Facts
Symptoms
Rubella symptoms are often mild and may include:
Low-grade fever
Rash starting on the face and spreading downward
Swollen lymph nodes (especially behind the ears and neck)
Joint pain (more common in adults)
Mild conjunctivitis
Headache, fatigue
Symptoms usually appear 2–3 weeks after exposure.
How Rubella Spreads
Through respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing)
Contagious 1 week before and 1 week after the rash appears
Risks During Pregnancy
Rubella infection in early pregnancy can cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome, which may include:
Deafness
Heart defects
Cataracts
Developmental delays
Liver and spleen damage
Because of this risk, checking rubella immunity is routine during prenatal care.
Diagnosis
Rubella is diagnosed with:
Blood tests (IgM/IgG antibodies)
PCR tests in special cases
Treatment
There’s no specific antiviral treatment. Care is supportive (rest, fluids, fever control).
Pregnant people require urgent evaluation.
Prevention
MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella):
Highly effective (≈97%)
Given at 12–15 months and 4–6 years
Not recommended during pregnancy, but safe before or after
